Abstract

This study presents a strategic planning tool of Zonal Impact Analysis (ZIA) framework in evaluating the secondary impacts of city growths in order to find the balances of land developments and transportation performances in an urban area. The proposed ZIA framework can fulfill the gap between the traditional analysis levels of land use and transportation planning. Bangkapi District of Bangkok is selected as the study area for the application of the framework. The urban development impacts include economic and environmental impact. The environmental impacts consist of noise and air pollutions considerations, while the economic impacts include travel time and vehicle operating costs. This study pointed out that travel cost is not the only major impacts as the previous studies indicated. Pollution impacts are also one of the significant social costs. Planners should not overlook the environmental aspects to appraise the impacts of proposed land use project. The results of secondary impact assessments indicated that the transportation services in the developed areas influence how much impacts of traffics generated by land developments. Planners should take transportation services into account to determine the development potentials of each area. The proposed framework can show explicitly the impacts distribution on how much impacts of the proposed project(s) in developed area(s) may influence to the other part of the city. It is expected that the proposed ZIA framework can be an alternative to find an optimum growth pattern for minimizing unfavorable impacts of land developments in developing counties.

Keywords

secondary impact, economic impact, environmental impact, zonal analysis, land development

Abstract

The importance of public transit system has been growing increasingly in order to achieve smooth traffic in urban areas. Particularly, linehaul transit systems have been proposed and, in some cases, realized as major public transportation in the medium sized cities in Japan and the cities in developing countries. Previously, the linehaul transit systems such as Light Rail Transit (LRT) have been considered mainly in urban transportation master-plan, but bus transit systems have rarely been considered as the alternative to them.

In this paper, the authors aim to follow two points focusing on the role of bus transit system as public transportation: The first point is to review how to treat and to clarify the significance of bus transit system with exclusive busway in public transportation planning. The second point is to examine the relationship between the staged approach of planning and operation of infrastructure and the transportation service offered through the comparative analysis with other linehaul transit systems.

In conclusion, through the comparative analysis of case studies, the authors clarify the significance of bus transit system with exclusive busway in public transportation planning and examine the advantage of bus transit system in terms of flexibility of staged development. Moreover, the authors suggest that the concept of the staged approach for infrastructure planning and operation focusing on the bus transit system is applicable in Japan or many Asian cities, and it is important to consider the concept as alternatives of a future transportation planning.

Keywords

Public Transport Systems, Bus transit, Bus Rapid Transit, Staged approach for infrastructure planning

Abstract

This paper reports on a survey of transportation mobility in Vientiane city, the capital of the Lao PDR. It aims at examining basic mobility equity in urban districts. The basic mobility of individual like walking, bicycle, motorbike, tuk-tuk (three wheeled motor vehicle) and car were focused. In order to calculate individual mobility, questions like how far, for how long, and for how much people should be expected to travel within 30 minutes (average duration of a daily trip) were raised. As most of transportation services are available on the main roads, samples were randomly selected based on village location politically and developmentally assigned by Vientiane governmental administration. Samples were to include personal, transportation and activities aspects. The Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve were used as a tool for measuring mobility equity. The results show that people in the city rely very much in their daily life on personal transportation modes especially motorbikes as they account majority of the maximum mobility of individuals which equal to 15 km. An inequality of mobility of people in Vientiane city is relatively high as the Gini's coefficient shows ratio of 0.611. The mobility calculation and evaluation techniques developed here are useful for transportation planners and policy makers as it can quickly give overall ideas and situation of the community.

Keywords

Mobility, Inequity, Evaluation, Lao P.D.R

Abstract

Because a person's daily demand is necessary and mostly constant in a certain period, travel for daily shopping has some periodic regularity for a person. It is reasonable to expect that people would like to maximize the utility by lessening total cost and maximizing their benefit to meet their daily demand when they do daily shopping. Usually, people have a tendency to do daily shopping in some shop repeatedly so the travel distance is mostly constant for a person. It is obviously that if the distance between shop and residence is longer, then the person's travel cost for each time is higher. On the other hand, if the shopping frequency increases, the storage cost will decrease and the travel cost will increase. Considering the influence on total cost of travel distance and shopping frequency, it is assumed that to some extent travel distance should influence shopping frequency. Therefore this paper proposed a model to indicate the relationship between shopping frequency and travel distance for daily shopping. The model was applied to the data got from a questionnaire that was held in September of 2002. The result shows that the model well expresses the trend that daily shopping frequency decreases with distance increases. But still there are some other factors should be concerned to enhance the validity of the model.

Keywords

Travel distance, Daily shopping, Shopping frequency, Mode choice

Abstract

This paper presents the development of an Internet-based travel survey system to support multi-modal transportation planning with relocation of large-scale facilities. Because it is likely that travelers to the relocated facilities do not have enough knowledge on service levels of travel alternatives, it is difficult to collect reliable data by traditional travel survey methods. This system can provide respondents with detailed personal information on the travel alternatives in the multi-modal network. Therefore collected data can be more reliable. The system was developed to collect respondent's stated preference data on mode and route choice of commuter trips after the relocation to the new campus of the University of Tokyo, and they were asked to answer the questionnaire through the Internet. Using the information including socio-economic attributes, geographical locations, current trip data of the respondents and transportation network data, the system produced personally customized travel alternatives for the stated preference questionnaire. To reflect geographical locations and transportation network data, Web-GIS software was used. At the end of the survey, the respondents were asked their evaluations of the questionnaire. It was found that there were differences of share in the SP data on egress mode and route choice between faculties and students. Using collected data, 3-level nested logit type route and mode choice model was estimated and it was logical and statistically significant. In conclusion, the Internet-based travel survey system was able to produce personally customized questionnaire, impress respondents on service levels of alternatives and collect data on respondent's preferences with acceptable respondent's burden. This kind of survey system can be very useful for multi-modal transportation planning with relocation of large-scale facilities.

Keywords

Internet-Based Travel Survey, Interactive Stated Preference Method, Web-GIS, Multi-Modal Transportation Planning, Commuter Trip

Abstract

Since the Japanese Colonial Period, Singyi Road, Taipei has been an area of hot-spring industry. However, since most parts of the Singyi Road Area were protected zones, commercial developments were banned. As a result, illegal land use burgeoned evidenced by a tangle of hot spring pipes. Illegal land use brought with it untidy landscapes, inadequate public facilities, and environmental destruction, obstructing sustainable development (SD). Following the Hot-Spring Act in 2003, Taiwan began to value its precious hot-spring resources. The Singyi Road hot-spring area is anticipated to become the first model district of the restructured hot-spring industry in Taiwan. This case study analyzes SD of hot-spring resources with reference to Singyi Road Area. This study also investigates the sustainable use of hot-spring resources from the perspective of carrying capacity. The context of carrying capacity is first analyzed. Based on field surveys, this study examines five sets of carrying capacity: land use loading approximates 39,600 persons/day, land use intensity reaches 60,000 persons/day, hot-spring loading is about 16,000 persons/day, public facility loading reaches 6,000 persons/day, and transportation carrying capacity approximates 8,300 persons/day. Finally, we recommend that the carrying capacity for Singyi Road Area is around 10,000 to 16,000 persons/day and hot-spring supply is controlled at 6,000 tons/day. Conclusions and suggestions appear at the end.

Keywords

Hot-spring, carrying capacity, sustainable development

Abstract

Private sector involvement in Indonesian toll road project is expected to increase in the future, as expansion demand exists for arterial road network in urban metropolitan areas. Slow progress in PFI for toll road mainly after the crisis reveals there are some problematic issues in the past practice. Risks factor and its allocation is said to be the determinant in the success of the PFI and public sector were les aware. There are various risks in Indonesia that is considered less conducive for PFI in toll road. Beside some risks in PFI environment, construction cost overrun and traffic risks are among the important risks factor typical in toll road project. Employing a spreadsheet financial model, those risks are then incorporated in the model. The result shows that integration of the risks factor in the financial model for the case study is able to show a clearer view of the uncertainty in the key elements of uncertainties in the project. This will give a better basis or more realistic for setting the targets or any contingencies that further ensure for a commitment for the actors in PFI.

Keywords

Urban Toll Road, PFI, Financial Model, and Risks Analysis, Indonesia Case.

Abstract

Past price inertia somet imes interrupts urban renovation projects with private initiat ives. A composite hedonic land price model, which adopts the idea of a switching regression model is proposed in this research. In contrast to traditional hedonic land price models where land price is generally modeled assuming a single value function, urban land price modeling has been done assuming competition among two types of bidders proposing different bids depending on their individual preferences regarding usage values of a particular piece of land, and a virtual bidder representing the reluctance of the present owner to sell the land at a lower price. The model is used to identify the spatial distribution of different types of evaluators and locations where past price inert ia has existed in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. The model is also used to spatially analy ze the usage value improvement requirement in the study area.

Keywords

Hedonic model, land price, usage value, asset value, coexistence, urban renovation, GIS

Abstract

Provision of access to microcredit to the poor women were pioneered by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh then it flourished in almost all developing countries as an effective tool for poverty alleviation and women empowerment. Though mirocredit programs comprise long list of positive impacts and Microcredit Summit 1997 has declared microcredit as a powerful anti-poverty tool, it is argued that in most cases, external interventions have enhanced income and consumption on a temporary basis rather than to improve human capital and productive means of the poor. These limitations raised confusion regarding its role in eradicating poverty and improving the quality of life of the poor. This study traces out the salient impacts and limitations of microcredit programs giving priority to the gender perspective. At the same time as empirical evidence this study assesses comparative performance of three microcredit programs in improving quality of the poor.

Comparing among these three different programs this study notices that credit programs failed to induce any significant change in any aspect of the quality of life. Further, this study reveals that despite being to some extent focused program (addressing economic aspect of poverty by comprising only credit component), smaller NGO program has better performances in improving quality of life; while in spite of having integrated approach, GO program failed to induce any noticeable improvement in the quality of life of their members. From this study it is also denoted that longer time period of being member of credit program does not determine the higher extent of change in quality of life. Finally, this study is an attempt to recommend microcredit programs to have critical examination of their lacking and to address multidimensional nature of poverty by following integrated approach rather than focusing credit component only.

Keywords

Bangladesh, Poverty Alleviation, Poor, Microcredit Program, Quality of life

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to discuss the important issues about the establishment of local industry trading center. In addition to identify the definition of local industry trading center and relative literature review, the study selects Nantou County as study area and employs the methods of questionnaire survey, participate observation, face to face interview to collect data. The result is expected to be useful for governments to implement relative programs.

The function of Nantou Local Industry Trading Center has been identified as: (1) the whole Nantou local industries information and communication platform (2) the selling and exhibiting place for "pure heart industry"(3) the incubating and training center for "pure heart industry"(4) the window of local cultural industry (5) the promoter of community development, and (6) the base of new cultural movement.. This study has found that the local government attitude, the issue of social economies, the problem of using vacant building as the base of Local Industry Trading Center, and the future operation and management are issues and factors for the success of Local Industry Trading Center.

Keywords

regenerate local economy, Local Industry Trading Center, information and communication platform, incubator.

Abstract

Enterprises confront with keen market competition. They dispose their offices in key markets in order to reduce costs, make profits, lower risks, expand shares, and raise more opportunities. However, the key markets imply many characteristics. The most important ones are related to location. If the enterprises�f offices are set at a right location, there will be a direct effect reacting upon market share and the profits. Thus, enterprises can win competitiveness by integrating the advantageous characteristics of location.

First this research generalizes five factors that influence enterprises�f considerations of office location. Through questionnaire and survey to the enterprises, Factor Analysis is used to find out the key factors to each enterprise. According to the analysis, there are 4 key factors that remarkably influence enterprises�f location choice. On another hand, according to the result of questionnaire, we establish a way to evaluate the environment advantages of 12 districts in Taipei. The result shows four districts, Zhongzheng, Daan, Songshan, and Datong, are especially preferred by all enterprises.

Keywords

Office location, Evaluation, Environment condition, District

Abstract

This paper aims to explore the possibility of repositioning public governance of �gKaohsiung Combined City and Harbor�h and local autonomy. The paper contends that conflicts and cooperation among government agencies and between public and private sectors cannot be clearly divided. If the agreed cooperation can be sought, the maximum benefit of public governance can be achieved.

The paper is firstly to analyze the real meanings of Combined City and Harbor and local autonomy by adopting a literature review. Then issues of public governance regarding promoting the competitiveness of the Harbor, managing the partnership and expanding local autonomy by way of cooperation among localities are also discussed. Through the partnership based on agreed cooperation and the bottom-up decision-making model, recommendations are made on perfecting the governance of public affairs in the context of urban-harbor restructuring.

Keywords

public governance, Combined City and Harbor, local autonomy, special corporate body, Kaohsiung

Abstract

This study begins with the assumption that the pre-sale price of new condominium is not the sole determinant of the equilibrium marked price of the condominium after construction. This lack of direct relationship has been reportedin the recent studies. Once this hypothesis is accepted, any public interventions on the determination of pre-sale price of new condominiums result in distributional adjustments of development profits among the participants, including land developers, housing developers, and condominium buyers.

In this study, we estimate development profits shared by the participants. Also, the estimations are performed by differentiated localities. The results show that most of development profits are acquired by condominium buyers, while land developers get a little of them. It differs to the common belief that land and housing developers take most of development profits. The amounts of total profits depend on the characteristics of local market, including the size of a locality and accessibility to Seoul.

Based on these findings, we can conclude that a policy alternative to lower the pre-sale price of a new condominium could result in transferring profits from condominium builders to condominium buyers. The excess development profits obtained by condominium buyers would be windfall income. Therefore, the pre-sale price related policy could only strengthen speculative behaviors of home buyers.

Keywords

Pre-sale Price, Public Intervention, New Condominiums, Development Profits, Windfall

Abstract

This paper describes and assesses some of the approaches to set standards in urban street environment in the Seoul metropolitan region . Analysing on number of factors around street environment ,this study figures out the factors affecting on the commercial land value

Keywords

Commercial land, Street environment, Satisfaction, Land scape

Abstract

"Satoyama" is generally known as copse or conifer forest in the suburban area or around the rural villages, which has been used for the people's lives and, at the same time, maintained through gathering firewood, supplying the building lumber, and raking up the fallen leaves. However, it has been developed or abandoned in late years because of the urbanization, the change of life style, and the decline of forest industry, which brings about the loss of Satoyama and its important functions. The goal of this study is to figure out the demand of city-dweller for Satoyama as the forest for scenic beauty and recreation by typifying it through a questionnaire survey in three cities in Aichi Prefecture, and to examine the appropriateness of ongoing civil activities of Satoyama conservation by comparing to the result of this survey and earlier literature. As a result of the cluster analysis of the data on relationship between the distance from home to Satoyama and the magnitude of demand, we can divide the purpose of visit to Satoyama into three categories: "Use for Walk", "Stroll Use" and "Use with Bases". This typifying indicates that the distribution of ongoing civil activities of Satoyama conservation is basically consistent with the demand of city-dweller. Those results suggest that it is possible for the civil activities to acquire more participants through carrying out the intensive publicity activities to the city-dweller. Additionally, the support to the civil activities by government can be justified not only from the viewpoint of natural conservation, but also from the viewpoint of recreation of the city-dweller.

Keywords

Satoyama, Utilization of Forest, Demand of City-Dweller, Questionnaire Survey, Aichi Prefecture

Abstract

Urban green Spaces with a wide variety of functions to ameliorate the urban environment have been decreased and fragmented in the urban fringe areas of Southeast Asian cities. In order to elaborate practical and efficient plans to conserve urban green spaces, it is very important to understand changing prpcess and spatial distribution of green spaces, and to monitor them continuously. From this voewpoint, we inspected green cover, land-use and landholding, and their correlations in the urban proceeding together with land fragmentation, and green cover is finally diminished sfter the construction of a new house on a subdivided vacant plot. Second, rural land-uses sustain high green cover, while urban land-uses have relatively low green cover with a several range depending on the type of housing. Third, rural land-use is tied to canal, whereas urban land-use is linked with a road; besides these development patterns influence on the distribution of green spaces. Finally, the inaccessible landlocked plots with high green cover are observed a lot.

Keywords

Green cover ratio; Land-Use; GIS; Bangkok

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to consider the role of street planting as a considerable urban design component to balance between streetscape scale and scenic view scale. The study area is north-south streets in the hillside urban area in Kobe City where we can enjoy the scenic view of a mountain. This study consists of two phases. The first is to understand the relationship between the physical structure of view and the people's impression of the view in streetscape on streets with a slope through two experiments. The result of experiments is analyzed by SD method and factor analysis. The forms of streetscape with a view are categorized into 5 types by the visibility of mountain and the amount of planting. The second is to search for what kind of street planting composition will be effective to balance between streetscape and scenic view scale using some pictures changed for the experiment. As a conclusion of this study, the amount of street planting would contribute to the attractiveness of nature in streetscape and the continuous composition of bushes attributes to improve the scenic view.

Keywords

streetscape, scenic view, street planting, landscape evaluation, hillside urban area, pedestrian

Abstract

This paper aims to establish the usefulness to use "Kyoubuseihyou" in grasping the towns which existed in Meiji era. Furthermore this paper aims to clarify the feature of "Observed Towns" and "Overlooked Towns". According to it, the possibility that the towns which were overlooked until now have something to be evaluated is examined.

In conclusion, it is clarified that "Kyoubuseihyou" is useful for grasping historical towns. Moreover 7 following features of "Overlooked towns" and "Observed Towns" are grasped; (1)The towns which had many people in Meiji era are inclined to be observed. (2)The towns which had small area are inclined to be overlooked. (3)Castle town and other town(the towns which had specific industry) are inclined to be observed, and port town(river side) is inclined to be overlooked. Some post town is observed but many of them are overlooked yet. (4)Areawide type towns are inclined to be observed, and street type towns are inclined to be overlooked. (5)The towns which have no change in surrounding area, and which are settled over 1000m from railroad stations are inclined to be observed. (6)The towns which don't have main road inside are inclined to be observed. (7)The towns where urbanization is not planned in urban planning are inclined to be observed.

Keywords

historical towns, "Kyoubuseihyou", long-standing town, townscape formation area, Hyogo Prefecture

Abstract

This paper intends to search for historic landscape's "new values" in order to contribute to its preservation. At first it briefly describes how landscape perception among population and legislation moves from the simple concept of "scenic beauty" to a much wider one, taking into account cultural, ecological and social aspects. On one hand historic landscape, as manmade rural landscape, is becoming less and less due to urban areas development, abandonment of agricultural production and modern techniques for agriculture systems. On the other hand historic landscape value is increasing because of its diminishing in terms of quantity. Therefore the preservation of rural areas supported by various planning instruments and laws is the response given by modern society to this transformation and loss of historic landscape.

More the values are and easier the landscape preservation becomes; therefore proving that historic landscape has some "hidden values" would give it more chances for its protection.
Once defined what historic rural landscape is through a case study and historic records, the research points out the relationship between historic landscape and biodiversity. The study area is located in a rural district of north eastern Italy (Asolo district in the Veneto region); the archival documents employed for this research are two historic cadasters: the Austrian cadaster from 1841 and the "Dissegno Estimo pubblico" from 1713.

In conclusion the paper intends to demonstrate the importance of a multidisciplinary study in order to achieve a deeper understanding of all the subjects behind the landscape preservation. Proving the strong relation between historic landscape and biodiversity gives one more chance in the move of landscape preservation.

Keywords

historic landscape, landscape planning, biodiversity, landscape ecology, Italy, Asolo.

Abstract

In 2004, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japan, established a new basic law for landscape, accompanied by significant amount of project budget. One of the purposes of this new law is to strengthen the legal basis of local regulations on landscape, which have been already provided by almost 500 local governments. In the field of social infrastructure (road, bridge, river etc.), design process and evaluation system is the key issue. However, in the field of settlements (mainly consist of buildings and signs, etc.), mutual agreement among citizens and local rule/code is more important.

This paper discusses about (1) Historical background of landscape of Japanese settlements, where agreements on exterior design of buildings played important role, through analysis of pre-modern records of building permission related to landscape and (2) Characteristics of current building permission (certification) system from viewpoint of impact to landscape, through reviewing discussions on them, and (3) Future new approaches which will be enabled by new information and communication technologies, which are now being tried out.

Abstract

This paper aims to refine the cognitive structure of users' impressions of stations, quantify the influences of retail facilities of different types of stores on the cognitive structure, and clarify the effects of passengers' impressions of stations on their shopping behavior. The dataset used is a questionnaire survey recording feelings towards large railway terminals in Tokyo metropolitan area. Factor analysis is carried out to extract respondents' impressions of the stations firstly. Then the structural equation model (SEM) approach is introduced to understand how the extracted impressions affect the passengers' shopping activity. Simultaneously, the influences of surrounding retail premises on users' impression of stations as well as the differences in user's socio-economic characteristics are quantified through the SEM constructed here. The results suggested that the railway users have three kinds of impressions to stations: "convenience", based on attributes of interest when a station is mainly considered a transport facility; "pleasure", based on attributes when a station is mainly considered a place of communication or leisure; "crowded", based on attributes relating to the layout and atmosphere of the space. The analysis also showed that the effects of these three latent variables on passengers' shopping destination choice behavior vary across the purchased items. For the daily items, "convenience" and "crowded" play leading roles in the shopping destination choice, whereas for the non-daily items, the impression of "pleasure" is the most ,important. Different types of stores showed different effects. For example, clothing stores enhance all of the extracted impressions, stores selling furniture enhance the impressions of pleasure and crowded, but not of convenience, whereas the automobile dealers seem to be unsuitable for railway stations.

Keywords

urban renascence, railway stations, cognitive structure of impression, adjunct retail facilities, shopping behavior

Abstract

Living conditions within the city have been affected by issues of overcrowding for many centuries. The most common way to deal with this problem was, and still is, to reduce density. Reallocation of density may seems a perfectly viable answer but it creates many problems in turn that are even more destructive and more difficult to resolve. Additionally, as in case of Hong Kong, reducing densities is not a feasible option, there simply is not the space available. The demand for city living is increasing. The growing demand for urban living, combined with the ecological footprints of cities increasing, demands that we reconsider our models of cities in pursuit of solutions that improve our quality of life and contribute to achieving more sustainable city structure. This paper examines our understanding of density and overcrowding and identifies opportunities afforded by re-conceptualizing cities as multilayered, mixed use environments.

Keywords

overcrowding; multi-layer; high-density; mix-use; compound city

Abstract

This paper discusses the heritage of the city such as a traditional house and traditional rows of houses are effective for commercial spaces. In Ponto-cho, which is one of the 5 famous historical geisha districts, the traditional house used by the traditional business now came to be used by restaurants. Ponto-cho became a popular area where tourists and young people can have a meal in its historical atmosphere. In this research, it aims at grasping the change of type-of-business and the commercial space of Ponto-cho in Kyoto, and it also aims at verifying that shop owners think which types of appearance of the designs make the space attractive and useful image for their own businesses. This research has 3 investigations such as a field survey, a secular business change investigation and a questionnaire for knowing the intention of the design choices. It was verified by the result of these investigations that the 'Chaya' style houses, similar to 'Chaya' style and Japanese style appearances and their rows of houses are supported as what raises its area image. And the shop owners use these as what gives added value to their shops. In Ponto-cho, it has analysed that it was effective as that to which raising its area image pulls out prosperity of this area. It could be said that the heritages of city such as traditional houses and houses imitated the traditional designs, and also the rows of houses made by these houses are very useful technique of the town planning and making charms of the business area such as Ponto-cho.

Keywords

historical area, geisha district, appearance of house, business type, area image

Abstract

This study, clarifies the role of the bridges constructed over the Nagara River, i.e., the Nagara bridge, Chusetsu bridge, and Kinka bridge, in the urban development of modern Gifu city. It is considered that the future planning and design of bridges should take into account their role and function in city development. This study includes historical analysis, from the Meiji period to the present day, and focuses on suburban areas as well as on the city itself. Historical records such as maps, documents, writings, images, and newspapers were used to analyze the changes of the city's structure, paying close attention to its bridges. Three phenomena regarding the influence of the bridges on the development of the city's structure were clarified: 1) due to the construction of the bridges, the city's main street axis moved several times, 2) the city center moved south, and 3) the city area expanded over the Nagara River. Furthermore, the roles of each bridge in the development of the areas on the bridge's right and left shores were investigated, and their effect on the urban development was determined based on from analysis of the local level of urban development.

Keywords

Gifu, Bridges, Suburban Management, Modernization