1. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 327, 977-986
  2. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352, 837-853 [Medline]
  3. Koya, D. and King, G.L. (1998) Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes 47, 859-866 [Medline]
  4. Williamson, J.R., Chang, K., Frangos, M., Hasan, K.S., Ido, T., Kawamura, T., Nyengaard, J.R., van den Enden, M., Kilo, C., and Tilton, R.G. (1993) Hyperglycaemic pseudohypoxia and diabetic complications. Diabetes 42, 801-813 [Medline]
  5. Gabbay, K.H. (1975) Hyperglycaemia, polyol metabolism, and complications of diabetes mellitus. Annu. Rev. Med. 26, 521-536 [Medline]
  6. Baynes, J.W. and Thorpe, S.R. (1999) Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes 48, 1-9 [Medline]
  7. Brownlee, M., Cerami, A., and Vlassara, H. (1988) Advanced glycation endproducts in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications. N. Engl. J. Med. 318, 1315-1321
  8. Thornalley, P.J. (1994) Methylglyoxal, glyoxalases and the development of diabetic complications. Amino Acids 6, 15-23
  9. Heilig, C.W., Concepcion, L.A., Riser, B.L., Freytag, S.O., Zhu, M., and Cortes, P. (1995) Overexpression of glucose transporters in rat mesangial cells cultured in a normal glucose milieu mimics the diabetic phenotype. J. Clin. Invest. 96, 1802-1814 [Medline]
  10. Tilton, R.G., Baier, L.D., Harlow, J.E., Smith, S.R., Ostrow, E., and Williamson, J.R. (1992) Diabetes-induced glomerular dysfunction--links to a more reduced cytosolic ratio of NADH/NAD+. Kidney Int. 41, 778-788 [Medline]
  11. McLellan, A.C., Phillips, S.A., and Thornalley, P.J. (1992) The assay of methylglyoxal in biological systems by derivatization with 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethoxybenzene. Anal. Biochem. 206, 17-23 [Medline]
  12. Thornalley, P.J. (1999) Clinical significance of glycation. Clin. Lab. 45, 263-273
  13. Hyslop, P.A., Hinshaw, D.B., Halsey, W.A., and Shraufstatter, I.U. (1988) Mechanisms of oxidant-mediated cell injury. The glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways of ADP phosphorylation are major intracellular targets inactivated by hydrogen peroxide. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1665-1675 [Medline]
  14. Thornalley, P.J., Langborg, A., and Minhas, H.S. (1999) Formation of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone in the glycation of proteins by glucose. Biochem. J. 344, 109-116 [Medline]
  15. McLellan, A.C., Phillips, S.A., and Thornalley, P.J. (1992) Fluorimetric assay of D-lactate. Anal. Biochem. 206, 12-16 [Medline]
  16. Beutler, E. (1975) Pyruvate in Red Cell Metabolism. A Manual of Biochemical Methods, pp. 117-118, Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 117-118.
  17. Beutler, E. (1975) Glyceraldehyde-3-P (GAP), dihydroxyacetone-P (DHAP), and fructose-diP (FDP) in Red Cell Metabolism. A Manual of Biochemical Methods, pp. 123-126, Grune and Stratton, New York
  18. Maggetto, C., Keenoy, B.M.Y., Zahner, D., Bodur, H., Sener, A., and Malaisse, W.J. (1991) Interconversion of D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and triosephosphates in human erythrocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1121, 31-40
  19. Casazza, J.P. and Veech, R.L. (1999) The measurement of xylulose-5-phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphate, and combined sedoheptulose-7-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate in liver tissue. Anal. Biochem. 159, 243-248
  20. Chamberlain, B.R., Buttery, J.E., and Pannall, P.R. (1996) A stable reagent mixture for the whole blood transketolase assay. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 33, 352-354 [Medline]
  21. Phillips, S.A. and Thornalley, P.J. (1993) The formation of methylglyoxal from triose phosphates. Investigation using a specific assay for methylglyoxal. Eur. J. Biochem. 212, 101-105 [Medline]
  22. Thornalley, P.J. (1993) The glyoxalase system in health and disease. Mol. Aspects Med. 14, 287-371 [Medline]
  23. Phillips, S.A. and Thornalley, P.J. (1993) Formation of methylglyoxal and D-lactate in human red blood cells in vitro. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21, 163
  24. Thornalley, P.J. (1988) Modification of the glyoxalase system in human red blood cells by glucose in vitro. Biochem. J. 254, 751-755 [Medline]
  25. Komai, T. and Shindo, H. (1974) Transport of thiamine into red blood cells of the rat. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 20, 189-196 [Medline]
  26. Travis, S.F., Morrison, A.D., Clements, R.S.J., Winegrad, A.I., and Oski, F.A. (1972) Metabolic alterations in the human erythrocyte produced by increases in glucose concentration. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 2104-2112
  27. Thornalley, P.J., McLellan, A.C., Lo, T.W.C., Benn, J., and Sonksen, P.H. (1996) Negative association of red blood cell reduced glutathione with diabetic complications. Clin. Sci. 91, 575-582 [Medline]
  28. Hartnett, M.E., Stratton, R.D., Browne, R.W., Rosner, B.A., Lanham, R.J., and Armstrong, D. (2000) Serum markers of oxidative stress and severity of retinopathy. Diabetes Care 23, 234-240 [Medline]
  29. Scionti, L., Puxeddu, A., Calabrese, G., Gatteschi, C., De Angelis, M., Bolli, G., Compagnucci, P., Calafiore, R., and Brunetti, P. (1982) Erythrocyte concentrations of glycolytic phosphorylated intermediates and adenosine nucleotides in subjects with diabetes mellitus. Horm. Metabol. Res. 14, 233-236 [Medline]
  30. Carruthers, A. (1990) Facilitated diffusion of glucose. Physiol. Rev. 70, 1135-1176 [Medline]
  31. Akanji, A.O., Humphreys, S., Thursfield, V., and Hockaday, T.D.R. (1989) The relationship of plasma acetate with glucose and other blood intermediary metabolites in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects. Clin. Chem. Acta 185, 25-34
  32. Keenoy, B.M.Y. and Malaisse, W.J. (1993) Menadione- and cyclic AMP-induced alteration of the ratio between D-[2-3H]glucose detritiation and phosphorylation in rat erythrocytes. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 121, 5-11 [Medline]
  33. Bakker, S.J.L., Heine, R.J., and Gans, R.O.B. (1997) Thiamine may indirectly act as an antioxidant. Diabetologia 40, 741-742 [Medline]
  34. Takeuchi, T., Nishino, K., and Itokawa, Y. (1984) Improved determination of transketolase activity in erythrocytes. Clin. Chem. 30, 658-661 [Medline]
  35. Takeuchi, T., Jung, B.H., Nishino, K., and Itokawa, Y. (1988) Western blotting assay of transketolase concentration in human haemolysates. Anal. Biochem. 168, 470-475 [Medline]
  36. LaSelva, M., Beltrano, E., Pagnozzi, F., Bena, E., Molinatti, P.A., Molinatti, G.M., and Porta, M. (1997) Thiamine corrects delayed replication and decreases production of lactate and advanced glycation endproducts in bovine retinal and human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured under high glucose conditions. Diabetologia 39, 1263-1268
  37. Hammes, H.-P., Bretzel, R.G., Federlin, K., Horiuchi, S., Niwa, T., and Stracke, H. (1998) Benfotiamin inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end products in diabetic rats. Diabetologia 41, 1164
  38. Lin, J., Alt, A., Liersch, J., Bretzel, R.G., Brownlee, M., and Hammes, H.-P. (2000) Benfotiamine inhibits intracellular formation of advanced glycation endproducts in vivo. Diabetes 49, A143
  39. Winkler, G., Pal, B., Nagybeganyi, E., Ory, I., Porochnavec, M., and Kempler, M. (1999) Effectiveness of different benfotiamine dosage regimens in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Arzneimittel-forschung Drug Res. 49, 220-224
  40. Saito, N., Kimura, M., Kuchiba, A., and Itokawa, Y. (1987) Blood thiamine levels in outpatients with diabetes mellitus. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 33, 421-430 [Medline]
  41. Havivi, E., Bar, On H., Reshef, A., and Raz, I. (1991) Vitamins and trace metals status in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 61, 328-333 [Medline]